Research Articles

  Polyphenols as Inhibitors of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria—Mechanisms Underlying Rutin Interference with Bacterial Virulence - PMC (nih.gov) Derivatives of quercetin, taxifolin, rutin, and isoquercitrin have shown promising antibacterial capacity, along with morin.  2.4. Rutin Significantly Affected Urinary Catheter Biofilms 2.8. Rutin Suppresses P. aeruginosa IBRS P001 Virulence Factors Production 2.10. Rutin’s Impact on Cell Membrane Permeability 5. Conclusions The potential of polyphenols to combat the growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria in both planktonic and biofilm forms was confirmed in this study as well as the non-cytotoxic nature for the majority of the plant bioactive molecules examined. Rutin, as the most active representative, was proven to strongly affect the formation of bacterial biofilms in vitro as confirmed by a range of biofilm models and assays used. Likewise, rutin was able to reduce the production of P. aeruginosa virulence factors and to downregul...

From the article Screening of herbal extracts for TLR2- and TLR4-dependent anti-inflammatory effects | PLOS ONE   Due to the high number of extracts tested, we focused on the ten most effective anti-inflammatory extracts identified on screening. These included  Castanea sativa  leaves,  Cinchona pubescens  bark,  Cinnamomum verum  bark,  Salix alba  bark,  Rheum palmatum  root,  Alchemilla vulgaris  plant,  Humulus lupulus  cones,  Vaccinium myrtillus  berries,  Curcuma longa  root and  Arctostaphylos uva-ursi  leaves. To the best of our knowledge,  Castanea sativa  leaves and  Alchemilla vulgaris  plant extracts had not been reported to modulate the NF-κB, TLR2 or TLR4 signaling pathways, thus representing new promising candidates for further investigations. However, spiny burrs of sweet chestnuts inhibited NF-κB activation  in vivo  [ 26 ] and ellagita...

 >See d-biotin information below: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in cellular respiration.  It is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate with the simultaneous production of ATP  1 . Here is a simplified version of the pathway: Energy investment phase : In this phase, glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in a series of steps that use up two ATP molecules  2 . Energy payoff phase : In a series of steps that produce one NADH and two ATP, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecule is converted into a pyruvate molecule  2 . The amino acid carnosine plays a role in glycolytic flux, (it increases it). Carnosine is also a free radical scavenger. Link Glycolytic flux is the rate of glucose metabolism through the glycolytic pathway 1. The glycolytic pathway is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process 1. The gl...