Research Articles

  Basic premise is that certain bacteria that is not popularized or commercially available is deficient in MECFS patients. This includes f. Prausnitzii which has been shown deficient. It is important in producing SCFAs such as butyrate. However, butyrate is not the only SCFA that has been shown to be helpful. SCFA are produced via these (and other bacteria) but also adequate plant fibers.  Also pay attention to acetyl co-A which happens to be dependent on pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). . Deficient butyrate-producing capacity in the gut microbiome is associated with bacterial network disturbances and fatigue symptoms in ME/CFS: Cell Host & Microbe More about this microbe: Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii: An Anti-inflammatory Gut Microbe (atlasbiomed.com)

  Food Fight: Role of Itaconate and Other Metabolites in Anti-Microbial Defense - PMC (nih.gov) Itaconate is an important metabolite that is involved in immune response as well as controlling inflammation. Krebs cycle. Implications and Conclusions Recent findings regarding the role of itaconate in the immune response ( Figure 1 ) not only advance our understanding of cellular immunometabolism, but also represent yet another evolution of its very definition. A precedent has been set for metabolites generated by the host cells to have direct anti-microbial effects. Interestingly, these effects also appear to be coupled with immunoregulatory mechanisms. As we redefine our understanding of the integration of the immune system with cellular metabolism, we will need to consider metabolites in a new light – as molecules with distinct functions as regulators and effectors of immunity. Itaconate may indeed be one of many metabolites with anti-microbial and immunoregulatory functions to be d...

  New paradigm of host defense against intracellular pathogens by nitric oxide] Takaaki Akaike   1 ,  Tatsuya Okamoto ,  Md Hasan Zaki ,  Shigemoto Fujii ,  Tomohiro Sawa PMID:  19227148   DOI:  10.5025/hansen.78.41 Free article Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) during infection plays a crucial role in host defense mechanisms, via its antimicrobial and cytoprotective activities. Infection of Salmonella typhimurium in mice induces excessive production of NO, as a host defense response. We found much greater bacterial growth and apoptotic changes in iNOS-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. However, the mechanism of NO-mediated cytoprotection during Salmonella infection remained unclear. An important signaling mechanism induced by NO is heme oxygenase (HO)-1, a significant cytoprotective molecule produced by oxidative stress. Thus, we sought to clarify NO-dependent cytoprotective and antimicrobial h...

    A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications - PubMed (nih.gov) Piper nigrum  and its bioactive compounds were also found to possess important pharmacological properties . Antimicrobial activity was recorded against a wide range of pathogens via inhibition of biofilm, bacterial efflux pumps, bacterial swarming, and swimming motilities.   Studies also reported its antioxidant effects against a series of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including the scavenging of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, DPPH, ABTS, and reducing effect against ferric and molybdenum (VI). Improvement of antioxidant enzymes  in vivo  has also been reported.  Piper nigrum  also exhibited anticancer effect against a number of cell lines from breast, colon, cervical, and prostate through different mechanisms including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, autophagy, and interference with signaling pathways. It...

  Hypothesis Predicts Major Failure Point in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) - Health Rising They proposed that two factors – sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity and ß2AdR receptor problems – are knocking the blood vessels of people with ME/CFS for a loop. As sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is giving them a good squeeze, the ß2AdR receptors which are supposed to open them up are getting hammered by the immune system. That leaves the blood vessels unable to deliver the proper amounts of blood to the muscles, brain, organs, etc. The body, of course, can’t have that and so it attempts to fix the situation by releasing vasodilators like bradykinin and prostaglandins. The authors believe these vasodilators spill over into the bloodstream where they, alas, produce fatigue, pain, and flu-like symptoms as well as headaches, gut pain, cognitive and sleep problems.